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Cardiac Arrhythmia detection using Deep Learning

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Description

ABSTRACT

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is an important diagnostic tool for the assessment of cardiac arrhythmias in clinical routine. In this project, a deep learning framework previously trained on a general image data set is transferred to carry out automatic ECG arrhythmia diagnostics by classifying patient ECG’s into corresponding cardiac conditions. Transferred deep convolutional neural network (namely AlexNet) is used as a feature extractor and the extracted features are fed into a simple back propagation neural network to carry out the final classification. Three different conditions of ECG waveform are selected from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database to evaluate the proposed framework. Main focus of this study is to implement a simple, reliable and easily applicable deep learning technique for the classification of the selected three different cardiac conditions. Obtained results demonstrated that the transferred deep learning feature extractor cascaded with a conventional back propagation neural network were able to obtain very high performance rates. Highest obtained correct recognition rate is 98.51% while obtaining testing accuracy around 92%. Based on these results, transferred deep learning proved to be an efficient automatic cardiac arrhythmia detection method while eliminating the burden of training a deep convolutional neural network from scratch providing an easily applicable technique.

INTRODUCTION

The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is an established technique in cardiology for the analysis of cardiac condition of the patients. In its basic definition, ECG is the electrical representation of the contractile activity of the heart, and can be recorded fairly easily by using surface electrodes on the limbs or chest of the patient. The ECG is one of the most recognized and used biomedical signal in the field of medicine. The rhythm of the heart in terms of beats per minute (bpm) can be easily calculated by counting the R peaks of the ECG wave during one minute of recording (see Fig.1 for a single ECG waveform). More importantly, rhythm and the morphology of the ECG waveform is altered by cardiovascular diseases and abnormalities such as the cardiac arrhythmias (Rangayyan, 1999), which their automatic detection and classification is the main focus of this paper. In current medical routine, careful study of the ECG by expert cardiologists is necessary for the diagnosis of life threatening cardiac arrhythmias. However, automatic classification of cardiac arrhythmias can both provide objective diagnostic results and save time for the cardiologists. These advantages have provided considerable commercial interests in the computer aided classification and diagnosis of the ECG signals in hospital and health community. The interpretation of the ECG signal is an application of pattern recognition. The purpose of pattern recognition is to automatically categorize a system into one of a number of different classes. An expert cardiologist can easily diagnose various cardiac arrhythmias just by looking at the ECG waveforms printout. In some specific cases, sophisticated ECG analysers can achieve a higher degree of accuracy than that of cardiologist, but at present there remains a group of ECG waveforms that are difficult to identify by computers. However, the use of computerized analysis of easily obtainable ECG waveforms can considerably reduce the cardiologist’s workload. Some analysers can assist the cardiologist by producing a ready diagnosis while others can provide a limited number of parameters by which the cardiologist can make his own diagnosis. The aim of this paper is to develop such a computer aided diagnostic system which assists expert cardiologists by providing intelligent, cost effective and time saving ECG arrhythmia diagnostics. To achieve this goal, conventional ECG signal processing techniques along with the state of the art deep learning methods are implemented to the task of ECG arrhythmia pattern recognition. At its current state, the proposed system can specifically distinguish and classify cardiac arrhythmias known as Right Bundle Branch Blocks (RBBB) from Paced Beats and Normal (Healthy) Beats. Where, Normal beats are healthy adult human ECG waveform; Paced beats are artificial beats from the device called pacemaker; and RBBB is an arrhythmia that is frequently associated with ischemic, hypertensive, rheumatic and pulmonary heart disease, right ventricular hypertrophy and some drug intoxication which has a ECG waveform with QRS duration between 0.10 and 0.11 sec (incomplete RBBB) or 0.12sec or more (complete RBBB), prolonged ventricular activation time or QR interval (0.03sec or more) and right axis deviation. However, apart from these the system can also be easily adapted to further classify other various similar cardiac arrhythmias.

PROPOSED METHOD

In this work, four major steps are applied to solve the ECG pattern recognition and classification problem. These steps include, signal pre-processing, QRS detection, ECG feature extraction using transferred deep learning and ECG signal classification using a conventional Artificial Neural Network (ANN).

Demo Video

 BLOCK DIAGRAM

CONCLUSION

In clinical routine, computer aided diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias can reduce the workload of cardiologists dramatically enabling them to focus more on treatment rather than diagnostics. In this paper, an efficient transferred deep learning based ECG classification system is realized to carry out automatic ECG arrhythmia diagnostics by classifying patient ECG’s into corresponding three different cardiac conditions; normal, paced or right bundle branch block. After the ECG records are acquired from the online MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, they are filtered from noises and QRS waves are detected to extract R-T segments of the ECG. Pre-trained AlexNet, is transferred and used as a feature extractor for the ECG classification task in hand. The extracted features are fed into a simple back propagation neural network to classify the input ECG R-T segments into one of the three cardiac conditions. Obtained very high correct recognition rate (98.51%) and testing accuracy (around 92%) of the proposed system demonstrated that the transferred deep learning feature extractor cascaded with a simple back propagation neural network is an efficient automatic cardiac arrhythmia detection method. Additionally, transferring a pre-trained deep CNN eliminates the need for high expertise and computational power required for training a deep convolutional neural network from scratch. With the recent state-of-the-art performances of deep learning based medical image and signal processing methods, biomedical scientists are coming one step closer to the effective realization of a marketable computer aided diagnostic system that will be well established in clinical routine to assist clinicians and patients alike. In this regard, in the very near future, it won’t be too surprising to see state-of-the-art performances from deep learning applications not only in medical signals and imaging diagnostics but also in other popular sub-fields of biomedical imaging and signals.

 

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